Comparison of Leadership Styles for Cadbury and Kraft

The pre hostile acquisition of Cadbury by Kraft Foods Compare and contrast the preferred styles of Irene Rosenfeld and Todd Stitzer in the context of the pre hostile acquisition of Cadbury by Kraft Foods. You should apply appropriate management and leadership theories to support your arguments. Consider first Irene Rosenfeld’s leadership Style. By referring to Hersey’s model of situational leadership model – adapted by JE Chamberlain from Mullins (2007:302) and Hersey et al (2000) followed on from a number of previous writes to develop the model of situational leadership. Diagram 1 refers: Situational Leadership Model (JE Chamberlain from Mullins) Autocratic Laissez-Faire Democratic *See P 32 of workbook and P 9 of Profex†¦show more content†¦The degree of influence exerted often depends on how much time and effort is expended in getting support. This tends to work best when objectives are shared, but staff are unclear about how the objective is to be achieved. They know, but are uncertain about the how. (Profex 44) Authoritarian/directive tells style. Rosenfeld appears authoritarian: making decision and issuing instructions without apparent consultation in top-down leadership contexts. * Leadership styles (Belbin) * Solo leader * Rules in an autocratic manner * Is directive – tells subordinates what to do * Expects compliance from staff and often leads from the front * Effective in times of crisis * If they fail, can have serious consequences * Mgmt. by objectives – makes it clear exactly what everyone is supposed to do * Team leader * More participative and structured manner * Consult * Delegate * Trust * Creates mission – helps clarify the vision which others act on as they think best (Profex 44) Strategic leadership style. Rosenfeld arguably adopts the ‘strategy’ approach (taking personal responsibility for formulating strategic plans and articulating mission (from Johnson amp; Scholes) (15, line 39) ‘My slogan was, â€Å"lets get growing@. It’s not a warm and fuzzy strategy’. Rosenfeld arguably adopts theShow MoreRelatedKraft Annual Report99993 Words   |  400 PagesKRAFT FOODS INC (KFT) 10-K Annual report pursuant to section 13 and 15(d) Filed on 02/28/2011 Filed Period 12/31/2010 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 (Mark one) FORM 10-K [X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 OR [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 1-16483 Kraft Foods Inc. (ExactRead MoreEssay History of Nestle: A Swiss Company2632 Words   |  11 Pages9 in the FT Global 500 2013 with a market capitalization of$233billion. Measured by revenue the company is the largest food company in the world. The major competitors of Nestle are Kraft Foods, PepsiCo, Mars Incorporated and Unilever. For specific product and location the company faces challenges by Danone, Cadbury and Sara Lee. The company has taken up various initiatives towards CSR that include- World Cocoa Foundation, Sustainable agriculture initiatives, Ecolaboration, expanding business inRead More4ps of Cocacola7014 Words   |  29 Pagesthe Company s total concentrate sales. In 2007, concentrate sales in the United States (U.S. concentrate sales) represented approximately 24% of the Company s worldwide concentrate sales. The Company competes with Nestle, Cadbury Schweppes plc, Groupe Danone, Kraft Foods Inc. and Unilever. (see References) 2.2 Coca Cola and The Beverage Industry The company sells beverage products in more than 200 countries. The company claims that of the more than 50 billion beverage servings of all typesRead MoreCase Study Pepsi9679 Words   |  39 Pagesand 125,000 employees. PepsiCo brands are among the best known and most respected in the world and are available in about 190 countries and territories.iIn 2000, PepsiCo has a reported net sale of $20,348 and a comparable net sale of $20,144 in comparison to its 1999’s net sales of $20,367 and $18,666 respectively. PepsiCo has increased its comparable net sale of 8% in 2000 while it had an increase of 15% in 1999. This reflects the increasing rate is going slower. On the other hand, PepsiCo’s interestRead MoreComment on How Changes in Macro and Market En vironment Forces Impact on the Level of Competition in an Industry.18606 Words   |  75 Pagesworld’s largest gas reserves. It is also rich in gold, with the fourth largest reserves. Russia’s large population of 140 million, which has rapidly become richer, has attracted international food and drink companies such as Unilever, PepsiCo, Kellogg, Kraft, Nestlà ©, Coca-Cola and Carlsberg, which have entered by acquisition. For example, PepsiCo purchased the Russian food and drinks group Lebedyansky for over  £1 billion.25 CHAPTER 3 80 The marketing environment 3.2 Marketing in Action DoingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesValues 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 OrganizationalRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesearnings-partly because they lack the information and insight to understand the firm s strategic vision, and partly because they cannot evaluate intangible assets. As a result, managers are motivated to make current performance look good. b. Management style itself is dominated by a short-term orientation. Annual budgeting systems usually emphasize short-term sales, costs, and profits. As a result, brand-building programs are often sacrificed in order to meet these targets. Planning is too often an exerciseRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesCulture and Strategy Business Strategy Corporate Strategy and Diversification International Strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances Evaluating Strategies Strategy Development Processes Organising for Success Leadership and Strategic Change The Practice of Strategy Pages 30 37 47 59 69 79 88 99 108 115 122 132 144 150 162 Case Teaching Notes The LEGO Group: Working with Strategy The Global Pharmaceutical Industry: Swallowing a Bitter Pill Vodafone: DevelopingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesbid up its stock market price to make the company more valuable than such long-established firms as Coca-Cola, Hewlett-Packard, Time Warner, ATT, Boeing, Disney, McDonald’s, and General Motors and Ford. INFORMATION BOX COMPARISON OF MICROSOFT AND GOOGLE Table 2.1 Comparison of Microsoft and Google Growth in Revenues from Their Beginnings Microsoft Beginning Went Public Years from Beginning 1975 1986 11 years Revenues (millions) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Google Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesintegrative growth C) differentiation D) market development E) overall cost leadership Answer: E Page Ref: 50 Objective: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Difficulty: Moderate 57) When a firm aims to underprice competitors and win market share, it is using a(n) ________ strategy that requires relatively less marketing skills as compared to other strategies. A) product differentiation B) overall cost leadership C) focus D) domestic customer relationship E) price skimming Answer: B Page

Violent Crimes Of South Carolina And Richland County

In the City of Columbia, South Carolina and Richland County there are a number of violent crimes that happens in both of them. Furthermore, in order to consider a crime a violent crime it must fall under the category of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (ucr.fbi.gov. n.d.). They also defined in the UCR Program as those offenses which involve force or threat of force (ucr.fbi.gov. n.d.). Now Columbia is the state capitol of South Carolina which is located in Richland County. Therefore, the Richland County Sheriff’s Department and Columbia Police Department both report their violent crimes on the RAID website. However, when they are reported it tells which department answered the call of service for that particular crime. Now when it comes to violent crimes in both the city and county as of this month there has been a total of seven rapes between the two, at least sixty agg ravated assaults, twenty-five robberies, and at least ten murders so far this year (raidonline.com. n.d.). Although, Richland County is a pretty large county with the capitol of South Carolina located in the center of the county there is not a lot of murder cases in the city or county but there are a large number of aggravated assaults and robberies. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program property crimes are crimes such as burglary, larceny-theft,Show MoreRelatedActive Shooter7891 Words   |  32 Pagesquickly creating unprecedented levels of stress that can turn children into violent and dangerous individuals. Since this is such a big issue in today’s society, it is creating a negative image of the school system in the United States. The repercussions of school violence and particularly with school shootings, is detrimental to our society as a whole. It is every member of society’s responsibility to stop these violent activities in our schools. These activities are damaging all students’ futuresRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBooks Published: World’s best-selling author of textbooks in both management and organizational behavior. His books have sold more than 5 million copies and have been translated into 20 languages; editions have been adapted for Canada, Australia, South Africa, and India, such as these: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11th ed. (Prentice Hall, 2012) Management, 11th ed. with Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2012) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management

Instrumental Conditioning Free Essays

When one hears the term instrumental (operant) conditioning they tend to immediately think of the â€Å"Skinner-Box†. Skinner conducted classic experiments where he trained rats and pigeons to press a lever in order to obtain a food reward. The experimenter would choose a suited output to pair it with a consequence. We will write a custom essay sample on Instrumental Conditioning or any similar topic only for you Order Now After a training period, the animals would show the behavior (BH, e.g. pressing the lever) even in absence of any reward, if the BH-US association had been memorized. Instrumental conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that it operates on the environment and refers to the modification of voluntary behavior. For the purposes of this paper I will evaluate the application of instrumental conditioning to learning how to use the toilet (potty-training). I will describe the process of potty-training, and compare and contrast the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as they relate to potty-training. I will explain the role of reward and punishment in potty-training as well as explain which form of instrumental conditioning would be most effective in potty-training. What is Instrumental Conditioning? â€Å"Instrumental conditioning is a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. It is also the name for the paradigm in experimental psychology by which such learning and action selection processes are studied† (Staddon Cerutti, 2003). All behavior is guided by consequences. Dogs beg/perform tricks for treats; politicians study poll results in order to steer the directions of their campaigns. Instrumental conditioning similarly is goal-oriented behavior. The selecting consequences that guide operant conditioning are of two kinds: behavior-enhancing (reinforcers) and behavior-suppressing (punishers). The most important factor in instrumental conditioning is the consequence of the response. â€Å"Responding often seems to be under exquisite control of the reinforcement conditions: Larger and tastier rewards provoke more vigorous response, delayed rewards weaken responding, and satiation of drive leads to a reduction in responding† (Terry, 2009). This consequence takes place because of an arranged contingency (relationship) between the occurrence of the response and the delivery of the reinforcer. The response is â€Å"instrumental† in acquiring the reinforcer, which is the reason this type of conditioning is referred to as instrumental conditioning. The response in turn â€Å"operates† on the environment causing a kind of change which is why it is also known as operant conditioning. Instrumental Conditioning and Potty-Training The Process of Potty-Training. Potty-training—the process of training a young child to use the toilet. Children typically begin to exhibit signs of readiness between the ages of 12 to 18 months and the process is usually fully completed by the time the child reaches 4 years old. Generally it takes longer to learn to stay dry during the night, however most children have mastered this by age 4. Cultural factors also play a role in determining the appropriate age of readiness for potty-training, with Americans usually beginning training later than other cultures (Paul, 2008). Potty-training is a mutual activity requiring cooperation, understanding and agreement between the child and the caregiver. The best methods emphasize consistency and positive reinforcement (over punishment) in order to make it a pleasant experience for the child. Research suggests that around 18 months old is the ideal time to start training due to the child’s eagerness to please his/her parents. Positive and Negative Reinforcement. Positive reinforcement refers to the presence of a response-to-reinforcer relationship. â€Å"In positive reinforcement, the reinforcer is contingent on performance of the instrumental response† (Terry, 2009). Each action is followed by an outcome or consequence. Negative reinforcement involves particular behaviors being strengthened (increased) by the consequence of stopping or avoiding a negative condition. It is often confused with punishment, but they are very different. Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior whereas punishment weakens (decreases) behavior because a negative condition is introduced as a consequence of the behavior. For example, driving in rush hour traffic is a negative condition for most people. One day they decide to leave home a little earlier, and avoid running into the heavy traffic. They leave home at the same time the next day and again avoid heavy traffic. Their behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. Positive and Negative Reinforcement as they Relate to Potty-Training. According to Terry (2009) when teaching our children we most often tell them the rules between behaviors and consequences. In some instances the contingencies are simply left for the subject (child) to discover on his/her own. In potty-training, the child must discover what response is necessary to stay dry and receive a reward. Positive reinforcement is the basic practice of rewarding a child for displaying a desired behavior, such as using the potty. The most successful method is to find what your particular child likes most of all, which for the majority of children is either a treat or a toy. When your child acts as desired you use positive reinforcement by rewarding him or her with this highly preferred item as close to the behavior as possible. Add in praise and positive reinforcement has been achieved. The main reason positive reinforcement works so well for potty-training is the way in which a child learns– through association. In contrast, children are not in a rush to move from diapers to using the potty on their own. New behaviors are seldom if ever, accomplished perfectly the first few times. During this time there will be mistakes. That is what learning is all about. When negative reinforcement is used for mistakes then the child learns that new growth experiences should be avoided at all costs, no matter what the new growth opportunity is. Negative reinforcement will likely cause negative outcomes not only in potty training, but in the way the child grasps future experiences. The Role of Reward and Punishment in Potty-Training Rewards. There are many different types of rewards that can be used to motivate toddlers to potty-train. What is most important is that the reward be given immediately following any successful attempt to use a potty. The best rewards are verbal praise, however some may wish to use a small treat as a reward. Positively responding to the child’s achievement shows the child that you approve and support them. Positive attention increases the chance of the child repeating the behavior. Rewards and verbal praise should be easy, quick, and inexpensive. Rewards should be given immediately, are not used in place of praise (social reinforcement), used specially for potty-training and not made available any other time, given for the tasks the child can already manage. As the child is managing new skills, praise should be continued and other types of rewards gradually reduced. Punishments. Punishment should not be used if a child has an accident. Some children become upset and frustrated while potty-training so it may help to use clever phrases like â€Å"That silly pee pee just wouldn’t wait for the potty, let’s see if we can catch it the next time†. Caregivers should remain calm and relaxed rather than punitive when potty-training because it is supposed to be a fun and educational experience. In my own quest to potty-train my children, I have found positive reinforcement to be the most effective training method. The times I got upset and showed anger in response to accidents only served to frighten them and discourage them from trying again. The Most Effective Form of Instrumental Conditioning in Potty-Training In my opinion, the most effective form of instrumental conditioning in potty-training is the use of positive reinforcement so that the child learns to generalize his/her behavior across situations. Positive reinforcement gives the child the courage and confidence s/he needs to be able to use the potty not only in the home/caregiver setting, but in other places as well, thus generalizing his/her behavior. â€Å"The potential strengthening effects of a reinforcer are usually confounded with its reward or incentive effects, both of which lead to improved performance† (Terry, 2009). In other words, the more positive and frequent the praise (and other rewards), the more likely the child is to repeat the desired behavior. Conclusion Instrumental conditioning is dependent on people to act upon their environment and their behavior is subsequently shaped by the response their behavior solicits. Those responses that evoke an increased state of satisfaction are generally repeated as opposed to responses that render a person dissatisfied are likely to decrease. A vital factor in instrumental conditioning is the concept of positive and negative reinforcement. In potty-training a child, the use of positive reinforcement is the most highly effective form of motivation as it increases the likelihood of them repeating desired behavior. In closing, I have evaluated the application of instrumental conditioning to learning how to use the toilet (potty-training). I have described the process of potty-training, and compared and contrasted the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as they relate to potty-training. I have explained the role of reward and punishment in potty-training as well as explained which form of instrumental conditioning would be most effective in potty-training. How to cite Instrumental Conditioning, Essay examples

Introduction to Spectrophotometry free essay sample

This lab will teach me how to use a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of solute. The solute being measured must be colored and is determined based on the adsorption of light photons on a wavelength. The spectrophotometer uses a beam of light that strikes the diffraction grating that basically forms of prism of light. Then only a specific wavelength of light shines through the spectrophotometer and interacts with the solute. The light that continues past the solute hits the phototube. The spectrophotometer then digitally shows the amount of units that have been absorbed or transmitted. Transmittance is the amount of light that gets through the sample. This is shown as a percent of all the possible light that could’ve gotten through. Absorbance is the opposite of transmittance and the reciprocal of it. This shows how much light got trapped in the solute. In this lab we will use a few different solutions in the spectrophotometer to get a basic feel on how it works. We will record the absorbance as well as do calculations using mean and standard deviation. We will then graph our results and compare them with the class values of the three unknown Methylene blue samples. At the end of the lab the actual concentrations of each unknown will be shared. We will then compare how accurate and precise our results are with the actual. This lab will teach me how to use a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of solute. The solute being measured must be colored and is determined based on the adsorption of light photons on a wavelength. The spectrophotometer uses a beam of light that strikes the diffraction grating that basically forms of prism of light. Then only a specific wavelength of light shines through the spectrophotometer and interacts with the solute. The light that continues past the solute hits the phototube. The spectrophotometer then digitally shows the amount of units that have been absorbed or transmitted. Transmittance is the amount of light that gets through the sample. This is shown as a percent of all the possible light that could’ve gotten through. Absorbance is the opposite of transmittance and the reciprocal of it. This shows how much light got trapped in the solute. In this lab we will use a few different solutions in the spectrophotometer to get a basic feel on how it works. We will record the absorbance as well as do calculations using mean and standard deviation. We will then graph our results and compare them with the class values of the three unknown Methylene blue samples. At the end of the lab the actual concentrations of each unknown will be shared. We will then compare how accurate and precise our results are with the actual. This lab will teach me how to use a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of solute. The solute being measured must be colored and is determined based on the adsorption of light photons on a wavelength. The spectrophotometer uses a beam of light that strikes the diffraction grating that basically forms of prism of light. Then only a specific wavelength of light shines through the spectrophotometer and interacts with the solute. The light that continues past the solute hits the phototube. The spectrophotometer then digitally shows the amount of units that have been absorbed or transmitted. Transmittance is the amount of light that gets through the sample. This is shown as a percent of all the possible light that could’ve gotten through. Absorbance is the opposite of transmittance and the reciprocal of it. This shows how much light got trapped in the solute. In this lab we will use a few different solutions in the spectrophotometer to get a basic feel on how it works. We will record the absorbance as well as do calculations using mean and standard deviation. We will then graph our results and compare them with the class values of the three unknown Methylene blue samples. At the end of the lab the actual concentrations of each unknown will be shared. We will then compare how accurate and precise our results are with the actual. This lab will teach me how to use a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of solute. The solute being measured must be colored and is determined based on the adsorption of light photons on a wavelength. The spectrophotometer uses a beam of light that strikes the diffraction grating that basically forms of prism of light. Then only a specific wavelength of light shines through the spectrophotometer and interacts with the solute. The light that continues past the solute hits the phototube. The spectrophotometer then digitally shows the amount of units that have been absorbed or transmitted. Transmittance is the amount of light that gets through the sample. This is shown as a percent of all the possible light that could’ve gotten through. Absorbance is the opposite of transmittance and the reciprocal of it. This shows how much light got trapped in the solute. In this lab we will use a few different solutions in the spectrophotometer to get a basic feel on how it works. We will record the absorbance as well as do calculations using mean and standard deviation. We will then graph our results and compare them with the class values of the three unknown Methylene blue samples. At the end of the lab the actual concentrations of each unknown will be shared. We will then compare how accurate and precise our results are with the actual. This lab will teach me how to use a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of solute. The solute being measured must be colored and is determined based on the adsorption of light photons on a wavelength. The spectrophotometer uses a beam of light that strikes the diffraction grating that basically forms of prism of light. Then only a specific wavelength of light shines through the spectrophotometer and interacts with the solute. The light that continues past the solute hits the phototube. The spectrophotometer then digitally shows the amount of units that have been absorbed or transmitted. Transmittance is the amount of light that gets through the sample. This is shown as a percent of all the possible light that could’ve gotten through. Absorbance is the opposite of transmittance and the reciprocal of it. This shows how much light got trapped in the solute. In this lab we will use a few different solutions in the spectrophotometer to get a basic feel on how it works. We will record the absorbance as well as do calculations using mean and standard deviation. We will then graph our results and compare them with the class values of the three unknown Methylene blue samples. At the end of the lab the actual concentrations of each unknown will be shared. We will then compare how accurate and precise our results are with the actual. This lab will teach me how to use a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of solute. The solute being measured must be colored and is determined based on the adsorption of light photons on a wavelength. The spectrophotometer uses a beam of light that strikes the diffraction grating that basically forms of prism of light. Then only a specific wavelength of light shines through the spectrophotometer and interacts with the solute. The light that continues past the solute hits the phototube. The spectrophotometer then digitally shows the amount of units that have been absorbed or transmitted. Transmittance is the amount of light that gets through the sample. This is shown as a percent of all the possible light that could’ve gotten through. Absorbance is the opposite of transmittance and the reciprocal of it. This shows how much light got trapped in the solute. In this lab we will use a few different solutions in the spectrophotometer to get a basic feel on how it works. We will record the absorbance as well as do calculations using mean and standard deviation. We will then graph our results and compare them with the class values of the three unknown Methylene blue samples. At the end of the lab the actual concentrations of each unknown will be shared. We will then compare how accurate and precise our results are with the actual.

Boeing Case Study Essays - Boeing, Airbus, LATAM Chile,

Boeing Case Study Keeping Boeing Flying Higher and Higher Case Study Introduction Boeing has been building commercial airliners since 1927 with the first Boeing commercial jet airliner, the 7O7, introduced in l955. As discussed in the article on page 172 of the text. This success is even more remarkable when one realizes that the Boeing Design/ Build process had not changed very much during the past three decades. The system was antiquated, cumbersome, and inefficient creating production delays, increased costs, and spawning a huge bureaucracy simply to handle the paperwork. Boeing must clearly be motivated to bring this World War II era process into the 21st Century. Airbus Industries' increasingly larger share of the commercial airliner market was a major force instigating these changes. Airbus had the advantages of government subsidies to help defray the costs of implementing best design practices, as well as latecomer advantages. It learned from Boeing's, as well as Lockheed's and McDonnell Douglas', mistakes and it did not have 40 years of bureaucratic momentum to overcome. Other motivating factors include the need for Boeing to increase the income from the commercial aircraft division to offset the loss of revenue due to cutbacks in government defense and aerospace contracts. In this paper I will attempt to highlight those topics I think should be covered, suggestions, and background for those reasons. In this I will hope to show why the Boeing Company was in need of the much-needed overhaul of the design/build process at Boeing, the changes themselves as well as the methodology used in accomplishing those changes. The Commercial Aircraft Industry The last decade has seen the commercial aircraft industry dominated by two manufacturers: the Boeing Commercial Aircraft Company and Airbus Industries, with McDonnell Douglas, a distant third. Airbus Industries is a relative newcomer, but it has very quickly provided much competition to Boeing, surpassing McDonnell Douglas and Lockheed. Airbus Industries is a consortium backed by the British, French, German and Spanish governments. The great, and many say unfair, advantage that Airbus has over the competition is government subsidies allowing Airbus to operate in the red. Thus, Airbus can afford to develop new technologies without having to worry about passing on the costs to the customers and can price their aircraft very competitively to lure away airlines from Boeing. Cost cutting The effects of the changing airline industry resulting from deregulation in 1978 are still being felt in the commercial aircraft industry. The competition among airlines for passengers has resulted in a greater emphasis on cost cutting leading to mergers and bankruptcies. In addition, airlines modified their routing systems since they were not limited to certain routes, as was the case before deregulation, changing their buying patterns for aircraft accordingly. Airlines were now less concerned with having a technologically superior airplane and more concerned about the cost and efficiency of that airplane. Why Change.? The first question that comes to mind is why would the undisputed leader in the commercial airliner industry make such a risky, change?. In other words, doesn't the old motto If it ain't broke, Don't fix it apply in this case? Well according to many observers both inside and outside of Boeing, the system was 'broke'. To give an example of the inefficiency of the process that coordinates engineering and manufacturing, it used to take 800 different computer systems to manage it. This process has been around since Boeing was building the B-17 Bomber in World War II. The process of tracking parts in an airplane was called effectinitly and was done manually! A drafter required two years of training to fully understand the system, and still one-third of the paper work contained errors. This effectivity just doesn't make sense, and this process adds absolutely no value to their product and results in tremendous costs. Regardless of all the evidence pointing to flaws in the system, changing a successful company is not easy, especially if we consider the cost and the additional time involved. For the 777, the additional time is estimated to be six months over the normal 48 months to develop a new airplane. Getting a tremendously large bureaucratic system to move forward is a daunting task, especially while continuing to produce airplanes. The Changes; The changes to the Boeing Commercial Aircraft Company must encompass all fields.

The Ancient Sources for the History of Ancient India

The Ancient Sources for the History of Ancient India It used to be  said that the history of  India and the Indian Subcontinent  didnt begin until the Muslims invaded in the 12th century A.D. While thorough history-writing may stem from such a late date, there are earlier historical writers with 1st-hand knowledge. Unfortunately, they dont extend back in time as far as we might like or as far as in other ancient cultures. It is common knowledge that there is no corresponding equivalent on the Indian side. Ancient India has no historiography in the European sense of the word-in this respect the only historiographic civilizations of the world are the Graeco-Roman and Chinese ones...- Walter Schmitthenner, The Journal of Roman Studies When writing about a group of people who died thousands of years ago, as in ancient history, there are always gaps and guesses. History tends to be written by the victors and about the powerful. When history is not even written, as was the case in early ancient India, there are still ways to extract information- mostly archaeological, but also obscure literary texts, inscriptions in forgotten languages, and stray foreign notices, but it doesnt lend itself to straightline political history, the history of heroes and empires [Narayanan]. Although thousands of seals and inscribed artifacts have been recovered, the Indus script remains undeciphered. Unlike Egypt or Mesopotamia, this remains a civilization inaccessible to historians.... In the Indus case, while the descendents of urban dwellers and technological practices did not entirely disappear, the cities their ancestors had inhabited did. Indus script and the information it recorded also were no longer remembered.- Thomas R. Trautmann and Carla M. Sinopoli When Darius and Alexander (327 B.C.) invaded India, they provided dates around which the history of India is constructed. India did not have its own western-style historian before these incursions so reasonably reliable chronology of India dates from Alexanders invasion in the late 4th century B.C. Shifting Geographic Limits of India India originally referred to the area of the Indus River valley, which was a province of the Persian Empire. Thats how Herodotus refers to it. Later, the term India included the area bounded on the north by the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges, the penetrable Hindu Kush in the northwest, and on the northeast, the hills of Assam and Cachar. The Hindu Kush soon became the border between the Mauryan empire and that of the Seleucid successor of Alexander the Great. Seleucid-controlled Bactria sat immediately to the north of the Hindu Kush. Then Bactria separated from the Seleucids  and independently invaded India. The Indus River provided a natural, but controversial border between India and Persia. It is said that Alexander conquered India, but Edward James Rapson of The Cambridge History of India Volume I: Ancient India says its only true if you mean the original sense of India the country of the Indus Valley since Alexander didnt go beyond the Beas (Hyphasis). Nearchus, an Eyewitness Source on Indian History Alexanders admiral Nearchus wrote about the Macedonian fleets travel from the Indus River to the Persian Gulf. Arrian (c. A.D. 87 - after 145) later used Nearchus works in his own writings about India. This has preserved some of Nearchus now lost material. Arrian says Alexander founded a city where the Hydaspes battle was fought, which was named Nikaia, as the Greek word for victory. Arrian says he also founded the more famous city of Boukephala, to honor his horse, also by the Hydaspes. The location of these cities is not clear and there is no corroborative numismatic evidence. [Source: The Hellenistic Settlements in the East From Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, by Getzel M. Cohen, University of California Press: 2013.) Arrians report says that Alexander was told by inhabitants of Gedrosia (Baluchistan) about others who had used that same travel route. The legendary Semiramis, they said, had fled through that route from India with only 20 members of her army and Cambyses son Cyrus returned with only 7 [Rapson]. Megasthenes, an Eyewitness Source on Indian History Megasthenes, who stayed in India from 317 to 312 B.C. and served as ambassador of Seleucus I at the court of Chandragupta Maurya (referred to in the Greek as Sandrokottos), is another Greek source about India. He is quoted in Arrian and Strabo, where the Indians denied having engaged in foreign warfare with any but Hercules, Dionysus and the Macedonians (Alexander). Of the westerners who might have invaded India, Megasthenes says Semiramis died before invading and the Persians acquired mercenary troops from India [Rapson]. Whether or not Cyrus invaded northern India depends on where the border is or was set; however, Darius seems to have gone as far as the Indus. Native Indian Sources on Indian History Soon after the Macedonians, the Indians themselves produced artifacts that help us with the history. Particularly important are the stone pillars of the Mauryan king Ahsoka (c. 272- 235 B.C.) which provide the first glimpse of an authentic historical Indian figure. Another Indian source on the Mauryan dynasty is the Arthashastra of Kautilya. Although the author is sometimes identified as Chandragupta Mauryas minister Chanakya, Sinopoli and Trautmann say the Arthashastra was probably written in the second century A.D. Sources The Hour-Glass of India C. H. Buck, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Mar., 1915), pp. 233-237Historical Perspectives on Ancient India, M. G. S. Narayanan, Social Scientist, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Oct., 1975), pp. 3-11Alexander and India A. K. Narain ,  Greece Rome, Second Series, Vol. 12, No. 2, Alexander the Great (Oct., 1965), pp. 155-165The Cambridge History of India Volume I: Ancient India  By Edward James Rapson, The Macmillan CompanyIn the Beginning Was the Word: Excavating the Relations between History and Archaeology in South Asia Thomas R. Trautmann and Carla M. Sinopoli​,  Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 45, No. 4, Excavating the Relations between Archaeology and History in the Study of Pre-Modern Asia [Part 1] (2002), pp. 492-523Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita W. W. Tarn​,  The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 60 (1940), pp. 84-94

Capacitance (Timing Circuits) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capacitance (Timing Circuits) - Essay Example For capacitance derived unit is useful for expressing the charge (unit of charge is Coulombs)that can be transferred to an object per unit of voltage ( unit of voltage is in Volts) and thus a unit which we got from this ratio is known as Farad. Each capacitor having two parallel plates and will have capacitance equal to  8.85 Ï F/m, times the area of one of the plates, divided by the distance between them. When sharing the charge applied to one capacitor with a second capacitor, charge is conserved, therefore Vf * (C1 + C2) = Vi * C1. When discharging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = V0 * e-t/RC. When charging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = Vf – Vf * e-t/RC (â€Å"Courseworkbank†). In timing circuits there are two possibilities either we are controlling the rate of response of the capacitor or controlling the rate of voltage across the capacitor. If a series combination of a resistor and capacitor are present such type of circuit is simplest timing circuit. The amount of time to charge the capacitor to 63% of the input voltage as well as it is equal to the resistance times the capacitance is known as time constant T=RC.Varying the values of resistance and capacitance ultimately results in time ranging from microseconds to weeks. The important characteristics of capacitor are: This timer circuit is similar to the 5 to 30 minute timer except that when switch S1 is closed, the on/off action of the circuit will continue indefinitely until S1 is opened again. A 7555 time and low leakage type capacitor for C1 must be used. The 6 way rotary switch S3 adds extra resistance in series to the timing chain with each rotation, minimum resistance point "a" maximum point "f". The 7555 is wired as an equal mark/space ratio oscillator, the timing resistor chain R1 to R6, being connected back to the output of the timer at pin 3.The output pulse duration is defined